Proxy discrimination, protected characteristics, indirect use detection, and long-run fairness under feedback loops. Not the academic fairness literature — the specific problems UK insurers face under FCA supervision. 12 articles.
Denuit, Michaelides and Trufin (March 2026) unify autocalibration and non-discrimination into a single actuarial test. If your model fails it, you have a pricing problem and a r...
A new paper (Xin, Hooker, Huang 2026) shows that BIFSG proxy race distorts regression-based fairness audits in two distinct mechanisms — and the direction of distortion is group...
NSGA-II finds the non-dominated pricing strategies across accuracy, group fairness, and counterfactual fairness simultaneously. TOPSIS turns that front into an auditable regulat...
A February 2026 paper from Lim, Xu, and Zhou cracks open the problem of fair pricing in multi-state insurance products — the ones that matter most for Consumer Duty obligations ...
insurance-fairness v0.6.3 ships DiscriminationInsensitiveReweighter. Here's why dropping the protected column doesn't work, how propensity-based reweighting does, and what the A...
FCA PS24/1 confirms enhanced Consumer Duty requirements from April 2026. EP25/2 flags ongoing fair value supervision in motor and home. No single technical checklist exists for ...
Mutual information, proxy R-squared, and SHAP proxy scores all flag proxy discrimination but catch different things. A practical guide to interpreting conflicting signals in ins...
EP25/2 requires non-life insurers to test whether rating factors act as proxies for protected characteristics. Here is exactly how to run that test in Python, with the correct s...
The FCA expects pricing teams to demonstrate their models don't proxy-discriminate under Consumer Duty. Most teams do this in Excel. Here is how to do it properly in Python, usi...
Most UK insurers don't hold ethnicity, religion, or disability status. Consumer Duty still requires evidence of fair outcomes. PrivatizedFairnessAudit solves this with local dif...
Fairlearn is excellent for classification fairness. It was not built for insurance pricing, the Equality Act 2010, or the FCA's specific concern: proxy discrimination in a multi...
Active Consumer Duty investigations in home and travel insurance. What a defensible pricing model actually requires under PRIN 2A, and what the FCA thematic review said about mo...
EquiPy is a technically excellent fairness correction tool built on optimal transport theory, from Arthur Charpentier's group at UQAM. insurance-fairness is an FCA-focused proxy...